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An infiltration experiment at the transect scale was performed in an ephemeral stream at the time it was dry, resulting in direct estimates of stream infiltration.
The use of infiltration flux or volume during model calibration, instead, provides the best calibration results and thus estimates of stream infiltration during natural flow events.
Given that heterogeneity of streambed and streambank sediments leads to the possibility that the groundwater mound developed during flow events will be poorly characterised or perhaps missed altogether, incorporating infiltration flux or volume data into the model calibration increases the likelihood of obtaining accurate estimates of stream infiltration during natural flow events.
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In this study, the data obtained from 2W and LMV were extrapolated to estimate travel times of other classes of vehicles such as three wheelers and heavy motor vehicles to get a true estimate of stream travel time.
The estimates of effective stream power were then checked against work thresholds.
The answers to this first question enable monitoring design to be tailored to details affecting estimates of future stream condition.
This geometric approximation of the pdf makes it impossible to derive the maximum likelihood estimates of the stream relevance weights [16], unless the model is restricted to include only one Gaussian component per state [15].
Comparisons are provided between the estimated extent of stream types and the 'blue-line' streams identified on the US Geological Survey topographic contour maps at both 1 24,000 and 1 100,000 scales.
As expected, increasing the number of monitoring stations improved both predictive precision and the ability to estimate covariates of stream temperature; however, even relatively small numbers of monitoring stations, n = 20, did an adequate job when well-distributed and when used to build models with only a few covariates.
We developed a simple two-rate model to correct daily sampling results using estimates of in-stream residence time and day length and applied the method to the example of a monitoring point on the River Tees in northern England for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and flux.
Based on large scale monitoring data, we aimed at building models able to estimate the risk of stream impairment by many types of anthropogenic pressures from taxonomy-based and trait-based characteristics of diatom assemblages.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com