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24 This would suggest that our estimates of side effects from statins are conservative and that an added benefit of apples over statins may exist in terms of all cause mortality.
Table 3 reports the site specific estimates of side effects and adherence in patients alive and on treatment for the 16 sites where sampling was employed (sites with fewer than 76 patients were excluded).
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In this meta-analysis, we found that the pooled estimate of side effects was significantly greater in the macrolides treatment group than that in the control group (P = 0.01).
We calculated the chances of antibiotic side effects by multiplying the proportion of patients in each management group who would be treated with penicillin times their estimated risk of side effects [ 5, 15, 17].
In our discussions, no pharmacist or nurse explicitly described giving estimated numeric rates of side effects, although this information may be contained in certain written materials that sometimes accompany counselling patient encounters.
The 'open-question method' (for example: "have you had side effects?"), which is similar to that used in this study, may under-estimate patients' experiences of side effects while the 'rating-scale method' (in which the patient is provided with a questionnaire listing potential side effects) can drastically increase the patient's ability to report the side effects they experience [ 5].
It is estimated that less than 1% of side effects or adverse events for herbal products are recorded with the current surveillance systems [ 10].
The questionnaire focussed on the clinicians' use of oxytocin at caesarean section, perceived frequency of side effects, estimated average blood loss, rates of haemorrhage and willingness to participate in a future clinical trial.
Biomarkers are useful to indicate achieved therapeutic effects or estimate risk exposure and evaluate the quality and severity of side effects.
This likely biases the estimates of secondary outcomes, especially side effects where no record of side effects often suggests none are detected.
The methodology has allowed us to estimate the utility of a very large number of combinations of side effects and disease states within MBC.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com