Sentence examples for estimates of selection from inspiring English sources

Comparable examples from other taxa are sparse, but recent evidence based upon levels of phenotypic divergence (rather than actual estimates of selection), or detailed consideration of selection on a singe niche dimension, does exist.

Unfortunately, due to this limitation and other assumptions of the PRF model (Supplementary File S1), the PRF estimates of selection pressure are artificially inflated and cannot be trusted in an absolute sense (Supplementary File S1).

Soon-to-be-released sets of SNP data with no (or at least dramatically reduced) ascertainment bias, such as that from the Applera project[21], [28], will undoubtedly be useful for more accurate quantitative estimates of selection on human TFBSs.

To determine if this was also the case for the proximal promoter regions we calculated the population genetic parameters π (nucleotide diversity/average heterozygosity) and θ (the population mutation parameter) for each promoter, as well as two estimates of selection pressure: Tajima's D and Fay and Wu's H statistics (Tables 3, 4 and S3).

Figure 5 shows the effect of our correction on ML estimates of selection coefficients from loci simulated under a deleterious alleles model (i.e. negative selection; see figure caption for details) that again have been selected on the basis of depressed divergence.

This unrealistic assumption may bias estimates of selection.

For example, the marginal estimate of selection for road density in our study indicated that elk selected for higher road density in 3 of the 4 years comprising the study period (Figure 5).

Only a second or third estimate of selection in un-manipulated populations would have allowed us to examine this.

In this work we have decided to include results based on the use of the nucleotide diversity as an estimate of selection instead of the dN/dS ratio.

Because SNPs identified in this work represent variation observed within a species, we decided to use the nucleotide diversity indicator π as an estimate of selection [ 45, 46].

These targeted buildings with higher response rates were used to provide an estimate of selection bias compared with the remaining study sites.