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We also derived a rough point estimate of the DDME in Caenorhabditis using a method that requires only estimates of replacement (πa) and synonymous-site (πs) diversity for two species [ 23, 50].
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Studying the impact on R ′ and the pWCET estimates of other replacement policies is beyond the scope of this work.
We derived our estimates of lexical replacement from a formal statistical model applied to a widely studied set of common vocabulary items known as the Swadesh 200-word list 6.
Our replacement ratio estimates for replacement by another vegetation type ("out-of-kind" compensation) are considerable higher than proposed by the literature.
We used the 'ingredient approach' to estimate the cost of recruiting and training of CHWs and the so-called 'friction cost approach' to estimate the cost of replacement of CHWs after adapting.
4) Figure 2 needs some western blot controls for depletion of endogenous GCC185 and to estimate the level of replacement using various GCC185 transgenes once transfection efficiency is accounted for.
Parameter estimates for specific site types (using θ̂π) are given in Table 7. Estimates of t from replacement sites tend to be lower, with concomitantly higher estimates of f.
This meant that, in contrast with a deterministic model, which describes what happens on average in a population, the model can provide estimates of the probability of replacement or persistence of an imported genotype.
To estimate the historical rates of replacement, a tool implemented by Yang within the PAML package (v3.14) was used.
Briefly, the program slides a statistically optimum window size along the sequence alignment to detect selective constraints and estimates the probability of replacements per non-synonymous sites (d N ) and substitutions per synonymous sites (d S ).
In previous work 5, we have produced statistical estimates of rates of lexical replacement for a range of vocabulary items in the Indo-European languages.
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