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Results from linear-elastic and J-estimation analyses were shown to provide conservative estimates of peak crack driving force when compared with those from complex 3D finite element analyses.
The ground-shaking model uses both US, worldwide, and Taiwanese attenuation relations to provide robust estimates of peak ground acceleration and response spectral acceleration on a reference site condition for shallow crustal and subduction zone earthquakes.
Veletsos and Newmark (1960) proposed design spectrum to be constructed from estimates of peak acceleration, peak velocity and peak displacements, once these peak values are designated then for a damping factor of 2% the corresponding maximum response values is 4a, 3v, and 2d.
The XAJ-GIUH model produced markedly improved estimates of peak discharge and peak time as compared to the original XAJ model in the latter case, indicating that the runoff routing is a major uncertainty source for the application of the XAJ model in this case.
Estimates of peak rainfall within 12 hours vary from 22 inches (56 cm) to 26 inches (132 cm), and a total of 35 inches (89 cm) of rain fell in 24 hours, approaching the world record that had been set by an unnamed hurricane in Texas in 1921.
Our best estimates of peak incidence fall between approximately 4 % and 8.
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Estimates of peak-season biomass C ranged from 0.9 Mg C ha− 1 to 1.4 Mg C ha− 1 with an overall mean of 1.12 Mg C ha− 1 (SEM = 0.079) in the G. senegalensis sites and from 1.3 to 2.0 Mg C ha− 1 (mean = 1.57 Mg C ha− 1; SEM = 0.18) in the P. reticulatum communities.
That's about as much as the Department of Energy's estimate of peak daily production if we drill in the Alaskan tundra -- a peak that won't come until the middle of the next decade.
Recent work conducted in Europe, as part of the HYDRATE research project and other studies, has shown that the use of these formulae and their associated tabulated roughness values available in current guidance documents, without further verification, can lead to over-estimates of peak discharges in the case of flash floods.
The process can be repeated over replicates to develop a robust estimate of peak reaction efficiency.
This is permitted in most codes of practice for regular, low- to medium-rise buildings and begins with an estimate of peak earthquake load calculated as a function of the parameters given in the code.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com