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However, the literature includes no validation of nurses' estimates of fall frequencies, which are the preferred assessment method in multi-centre surveys.
The thermal sums model used in this study provided similar estimates of fall Chinook salmon embryonic development rate in water temperatures varying from 3.9 11.7°C (mean = 8°C) to those from several other studies rearing embryos in constant 8°C water temperature.
Furthermore, estimates of fall incidence in the literature are based on different assessment methods.
Estimates of fall rate ratio and risk ratio were pooled across studies using random effects meta-analysis.
The aim was to derive estimates of fall incidence from two population-based studies among older community-living people in Germany and compare retrospective and prospective falls data collection methods.
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The present study reports national estimates of fall-related fracture by gender and body part among older adults.
The overall estimate was based on previously published cost estimates of falls [ 36, 37].
Our incidence estimates of falls in patients undergoing hemodialysis are similar to previous studies [ 1], but we also present data that these estimates are similar even in younger hemodialysis patients.
Furthermore, the definition here of "fall to the ground" leads to a conservative estimate of fall incidents.
While some earlier studies used charge data, more recent studies used medical expenditures as a close estimate of fall-related costs (Alexander et al. 1992; Bohl et al. 2010; Carter and Porell 2011; Finkelstein et al. 2005; Rizzo et al. 1998).
Non-normally distributed variation in vegetation and topography can make estimates of litter fall based on simple mathematical scaling of randomly placed litter traps inaccurate.
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