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These effects are arguably modest in their impact on estimates of effectiveness of financial incentives for smoking cessation.
An estimation of avoidable costs requires a combination of the attributable costs and estimates of effectiveness of interventions as well as assessments of the general development of the costs [ 69].
Therefore, estimates of effectiveness are likely to be conservative compared with a more basic control group, such as one where participants did not have access to the app or received usual care.
In this paper, we investigate an alternative approach: the use of subjective estimates of effectiveness by the inspectors for making the reinspection decision.
We discuss how multiple estimates of effectiveness can be used to bound expectations of a welfare reform policy impact when population dynamics data are available.
Economic evaluation would be strengthened if health state data could be taken from the clinical studies that provide the estimates of effectiveness of treatment [69].
We demonstrate that estimates of effectiveness can be substantially improved by controlling for biases along dimensions that are observable, measuring spatial spillovers, and testing the sensitivity of estimates to potential hidden biases.
Three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) recently confirmed these findings, with consistent estimates of effectiveness.
We incorporated estimates of effectiveness into an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis performed from a limited societal perspective.
Tests of ecological classifications as surrogates for target taxa that are threatened or of conservation concern might yield lower estimates of effectiveness than for more widely distributed test features, as expected intuitively and seen in empirical studies [e.g. 24], [25].
Estimates for the effectiveness of each type of commercially available A-CVC relative to uncoated catheters were taken from the results of a meta-analysis which provided separate estimates of effectiveness for each catheter type [11].
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