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Estimates of crown biomass for each stand condition is necessary to understand nutrient depletion and for evaluating the economic feasibility of crown utilization for energy production or forest products (Hepp and Brister 1982).
Furthermore, estimates of crown biomass aid in fuel load assessments and fire management strategies (He et al. 2013) because it is one of the important input variables in most wildfire models (Saatchi et al. 2007).
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Changing tree and stand characteristics over the course of a growth projection necessitates a model to update the estimate of crown size.
In all groups where an estimate of crown age was reliable, they revealed origins younger than 50 Ma, with 95% confidence interval ± 12 myr (Table 1).
Our estimates of the crown age of Sigmodontinae and its main clades, most of which are ranked as tribes, are consistent with the ones found previously (Table 2 and references therein).
However, the estimated age of crown Crenadactylus, and the relative age of this radiation in comparison with the other three major Australian pygopodoid gecko radiations was significantly older when using combined data as opposed the nuclear data alone (Table 3).
For instance, relaxed molecular clock analyses using original and OV-sorted data yielded the similar mean estimates as 136.6 and 150.1 Myr before present (Ma) for crown angiosperms (node 1 in table 1 and fig. 3), and the estimated age of crown Tracheophyta (node 20) is 445.7 and 428.9 Ma, respectively.
We create a rough estimate of the crown shape by solving a thin-plate energy minimization problem, and then add detail through a simplified shape-from-shading approach.
As trees grow, the definition of which trees compete with each other changes, so the competitor search radius for each tree was made to be temporally variable based upon an estimate of its crown width.
Roos et al. [ 25] estimated the age of crown galagids slightly older, around ~30 Ma, calibrated using their estimate of 61 Ma (50 80 Ma) for the split between Lorisiformes and the Malagasy lemurs.
Regardless, Erpetoichthys is much more elongate than the estimated common ancestor of crown polypterids.
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