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30, 47 Note, however, that these estimates of complexity are obtained under the strong assumption that these mutations are fully pleiotropic.
Initial estimates of complexity have been based on the number of nucleotides, genes or cell types in a genome, but such bottom up estimates often fail to have useful properties [ 4, 5].
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The presence of multiple functional domains within a single protein is consistent with an estimate of complexity that is greater than the number of encoded proteins.
Secondly, each estimate of complexity is greater than the number of genes encoded by each virus (11 and 5 for ΦX174 and VSV, respectively).
In addition, CCEmin should be preferred to approximate and sample entropies: indeed, approximate entropy provides a biased estimate of complexity [9] and to sample entropy necessitates an arbitrary selection of the pattern length L. Older subjects revealed significant changes of time domain parameters, i.e. an increase of heart rate and a decrease of total variance compared to young subjects.
Random instances of line drawings are then obtained as perspective projections of these scenes, and can be used as an input to standard labeling algorithms so as to derive experimental estimates of the complexity of these algorithms.
These estimates of the complexity of CTL recognition are well within the bounds of earlier estimates [8].
Unsurprisingly, our estimates of phenotypic complexity are orders of magnitude smaller than either the number of nucleotides or even the number of amino acids encoded by the genomes of these organisms (5386 bp and 11,161bp in ΦX174 and VSV, respectively).
Despite the fact that they are measured with radically different methods, the two estimates of phenotypic complexity PCPC and EPC correlated strongly (r = 0.69).
The estimates of phenotypic complexity, PCPC and EPC strongly correlated with each other, which is remarkable because it indicates that mathematical derivations from an idealized model of adaptation such as Fisher's quantifies complexity in a manner similar to a statistical model of principal components.
This study shows that when 454 pyrosequencing of the V9 region is paired with rigorous downstream data processing, this method is more time- and cost-efficient, and produces a much more comprehensive picture of the protist community than Sanger sequencing of clone libraries, allowing for better estimates of community complexity.
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