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This information taken in conjunction with the estimates of cold resistance heritability in several Drosophila species by Kellermann and colleagues [43] suggests a causal chain of higher heritability resulting in greater population persistence, which then results in faster range expansion.
This suggests that confounding from air pollution is unlikely to have been substantial, and control for it would be more likely to increase estimates of cold effects.
Thus, analyses using mean annual temperature would have resulted in very similar estimates of cold effects and broadly similar heat effects.
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As EMIC waves exhibit characteristic frequencies, such as lower hybrid resonance and cutoff frequencies (Matsuda et al. 2014a, b, 2015, 2016), it is possible to estimate constituents of cold ions from these characteristic wave frequencies.
First, studies should be conducted based on longer time-series data with multiple cold spells to estimate the impact of cold spells according to their duration or intensity.
To derive specific estimates of heat and cold slopes, we applied a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) with either a 'V'- or 'U'-shape linear threshold.
To derive specific estimates of heat and cold slopes, the DLNM was applied with either a 'V'- or 'U'-shaped piecewise linear exposure response relationship.
The observed discrepancy between the two divergence estimates of rice and cold tolerant grasses in our study (Fig. 3A and 3B) can be interpreted in two different ways.
An increased risk of kidney stone presentation was estimated for cold temperatures in Atlanta, Chicago, and Philadelphia.
to estimate current energy consumption of cold chambers; to help the user in the selection of the most suitable energy efficiency measures; to predict potential energy savings resulting from the application of such measures and their economic feasibility; to evaluate which characteristics of the chamber have the greatest influence in energy consumption.
Huang et al. also employed this method to estimate the added effect of cold spell on CVD mortality in Brisbane [ 30].
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