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Although MIRU-VNTR typing is being adopted worldwide there is a paucity of data on how study design and setting may influence estimates of clustering.
For practical reasons, the sample size will not be inflated to allow for clustering of individual patients being treated by the same physiotherapist [ 64, 65], but rather the trial will provide useful estimates of clustering effects and we will adjust for therapists in a sensitivity analysis.
These estimates of clustering are likely to be significant underestimates, given the fragmented nature of the G. pallida genome sequence.
These results demonstrate that estimates of clustering based on molecular fingerprinting of a population of isolates of infectious agents may be severely biased.
In addition, for practice level intervention studies (especially those using patient-rated quality of care as an outcome measure) an estimate of clustering of doctor attitudes as well as estimates of clustering of patient responses when carrying out power calculations should be incorporated to avoid making a Type 1 error.
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Stratified randomization had the effect of reducing estimates of cluster correlation [ 15].
Because the unit of allocation in CRTs is a cluster, the cluster-adjusted risk ratio and rate ratios from each CRT were used as estimates of cluster-adjusted OR and the loge OR and the SE (loge OR).
Generation of estimates of cluster seroprevalence can therefore complement the collection of parasitological indicators from periodic large scale surveys in low-transmission settings by indicating recent and historical transmission intensity, depending on population tested and antigens used.
To remove the effect of population structure, we regressed the two phenotypic traits on estimates of cluster membership derived from replicate runs of Structure (that is, the Q matrix from Structure).
Sorkin and co-workers previously established that FRET can be used to detect interactions between EGFR and Grb2, but no estimates of cluster sizes were made in that study.
For cattle diseases spatial analysis have been used to estimate the effect of clustering in space.
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