Exact(3)
Independent variables included diagnosis of gestational diabetes, parental demographic factors, neonatal sex, and late gestation estimates of carbohydrate metabolism.
On average, parent estimates of carbohydrate intake were 120% of NDSR-calculated intake.
During each telephone call, parents provided estimates of carbohydrate content (in grams) for each meal consumed during the previous 24-h period.
Similar(5)
Participants were administered the Food Frequency Questionnaire FFQQ) developed by Shatenstein and colleagues and previously validated using four non-consecutive 1-day food records [ 21]; data from the FFQ provided estimates of both carbohydrate and salt intake, which may respectively impact glycemic and blood pressure control.
The glucose dose was calculated on the basis of the estimated amount of carbohydrate needed in the diet for the postacute phase, to supply 20 Kcal per kilogram of ideal weight (of which ∼60% are carbohydrates), taking into account the 10% lower bioavailability of the oral route.
Carbohydrate counting consists of estimating the grams of carbohydrate in foods being eaten and relating that estimate to the insulin bolus dose.
There was no significant relation with NSPs, although the association with large bowel cancer incidence was still significant when NSP was combined with resistant starch (RS) to give an estimate of fermentable carbohydrate (large bowel r = -0.52, colon r = -0.60).
The estimation of GL requires the additional estimate of the amount of carbohydrate in the diet, providing greater scope for dilution of results through measurement error bias.
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