More practically, estimates of additive genetic variance require, in addition to relatedness information, an understanding of the relationship between traits and fitness (Visscher et al. 2008; Hill 2012).
Fitting an additional spatial component to the residuals increased the estimates of additive genetic variance and heritability for both traits (Table 3).
The P* Matrix gave higher estimates of additive genetic variance than the R Matrix.
REML estimates of additive genetic variation for the body weights, body lengths, and feed conversion efficiencies were obtained by fitting univariate linear (reduced) animal models.
Our proposed XQTL can perform allelic and two-locus haplotypic association tests and can provide estimates of additive genetic effects and variance components.
While the clones exhibited less disease damage, switched to the adult foliage at a slightly lower height and had less height and diameter growth than the seedlings, no significant differences in estimates of additive genetic variances and narrow-sense heritabilities between the two propagule types were detected.
CIM analyses provided estimates of additive effects and the percentage of phenotypic variance explained by the putative QTL.
Depending on study design, maternal and non-additive genetic effects can confound estimates of additive genetic variance and heritability.
Importantly, estimates of additive genetic variance and covariance in an animal model depend on the other random and fixed effects in the model [93].
This approach provides cross-validation of the estimates of additive and additive x additive effects, much smaller confidence intervals on dominance, additive x additive and dominance x dominance estimates, qualitatively different measures of genetic architecture, and the potential when used together to balance the weaknesses of LCA or RIL QTL analyses when used alone.
These, even though they do not offer direct estimates, permit obtaining approximate estimates of additive genetic variance and covariance.
