We estimated lagged effects of diverse climatic variables, including temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, DTR, and duration of sunshine, on the incidence of P. vivax in a temperate area of the ROK using weekly and daily data, which provided more detailed information on the relationship between climate factors and P. vivax malaria than previous studies.
The shape of the respiration lower line follows a typical growth curve and was used to estimate lag, exponential, stationary and death phases as shown in Fig. 2.
Historical plantings and documentation were used to directly estimate lag times for tropical plant invasions in Hawai'i.
In a statistical analysis estimating lag times for woody plants introduced to Europe, the average time between introduction and first spread (escape from cultivation) was estimated at 170 years for trees and 131 years for shrubs [5].
However, the estimated lag 7 PM2.5 effects on QTI were attenuated, and the p-values from this lag were marginally significant (corresponding p-values were > 0.05 but < 0.10).
In the sensitivity analyses, we also estimated lag patterns using fifteen single-day lag models, an unconstrained distributed lag model, and different parameterizations of constrained distributed lag models such as polynomial and polynomial spline models with different degrees of freedom.
These findings relate also to theoretical models for lag phase dynamics, such as Baranyi's model [ 19], which are widely used in the food safety field to estimate lag phase duration in a given food product.
In addition to measuring residual NP at the endpoint of digestion, we continuously monitored gas production by rumen bacteria to estimate lag time before fermentation commenced as well as the rate and extent of cell wall fermentation.
A long incubation period (from 2 to 7 days) and lengthy diagnostic procedures cause an estimated lag time of approximately 2 weeks between time of exposure and recognition of the waterborne transmission [ 8].
Specifically, we estimated lag 1 PM10 to increase the daily number of cardiovascular deaths among the elderly by 1.30%9595% CI, 0.19 2.40%) in the Canadian cities, 0.47% (95% CI, 0.23 0.70%) in the European cities, and 0.51% (95% CI, 0.29 0.73%) in the U.S. cities.
