2D models enable detailed, spatially distributed estimates compared to the small number measurable in a field campaign of comparable cost.
Phones using Google's Android system, with a wider range of prices, will account for 53% of UK smartphone users this year, eMarketer estimates, compared with 49.6% last year.
Just 600,000 American households, or 0.6percentt, use interactive television, Forrester estimates, compared with 43 percent with PC's in the home.
As good as such deals are for gaining new customers, they yield far less revenue for each subscriber — as little as $3 a customer, by some estimates — compared with the $30 they can make by selling through a retailer.
I.B.M. reported net income of $1.6 billion, or 90 cents a share, a penny above estimates, compared with $1.99 billion, or $1.08 a share, in the quarter a year earlier.
But Russia has only 28 million Internet users, according to rough estimates, compared with 210 million in the United States and 150 million in China, meaning that Russia has a higher percentage of scammers.
By the late 1990's, the number of beluga sturgeons spawning in the Caspian dropped to about 1,800, according to Western estimates, compared with 26,000 in the mid-1960's.
Migrants in the UK sent nearly $4bn in remittances to India in 2011, according to World Bank estimates, compared with the $450m in UK aid it received that year.
Even allowing for new equity issuance, that will still translate into an annualised return of 9.3%, Goldman estimates, compared with just 4% for developed markets.
Conversely, the results show that the MTS criterion provides weaker estimates compared to the MS criterion.
Other quantities were derived secondarily and group estimates compared by two-way analysis of variance.
