Sentence examples for estimates as a proxy from inspiring English sources
Some researchers, however, have begun to use ancestry estimates as a proxy for the presumed genetic component of racial inequalities in complex disease [30], [40], [55] [60].
The effectiveness of these methods calls for research that includes both spatial and nonspatial determinants of exposure in order to evaluate empirically and in quantitative terms the adequacy of location, or modeled estimates, as a proxy for individual exposure.
For the study reported here, we used long-term, individualized residential traffic benzo[ a]pyrene (B[ a]P) exposure estimates (as a proxy for exposure to particulate traffic PAHs), which were reconstructed using a historical, geographic exposure model that was consistent with a varied set of environmental measurements (Beyea et al. 2006).
To estimate the approximate ages of the duplication events, synonymous base substitution rates (Ks values) and four-fold degenerate transversion site (4DTv) distances were estimated as a proxy for time.
Productivity losses due to lost work days because of visits for diagnostic purposes and in association with surgical interventions were estimated as a proxy for indirect costs from society's perspective, based on the human capital approach.
Fork length, measured from the tip of the snout to the fork of the tail (FL, mm), and wet weight (W, g) were determined for a subsample of 241 individuals, and Fulton's condition factor (CF = W × 10/FL) was estimated as a proxy for nutritional status, as this trait correlates well with food intake and growth rate and is known to be under strong selection in the wild (Svanbäck and Persson 2009).
Socioeconomic status was estimated using as a proxy the number of maternal years of formal education as collected at birth by the civil registry [ 16].
We estimated income, as a proxy for socioeconomic status, using beneficiaries' nine-digit ZIP codes linked to their 2000 Census block group of residence and the corresponding median household income [ 23].
Using the Modified Jones model, discretionary accruals are estimated and used as a proxy for EM (accrual-based EM).
Using the Modified Jones model (Dechow et al. 1995) to estimate discretionary accruals as a proxy for EM and the Kinder, Lydenberg, Domino (KLD) database to measure CSR performance, this article investigates the EM-CSR relationship and the effect of industry type by distinguishing between high and low environmental impact on this relationship.
Fourth, we used a crude estimate of season as a proxy for milk-iodine concentration and this may not have accurately reflected differences.
