Country differences were estimated after controlling for potential confounding effect from socio-demographic variables (age, gender, parental education, study year) using General Linear Models, GLM (ANOVA).
on SSI was estimated after controlling for sex, age, recruiting hospital, length of hospital stay, socioeconomic status, whether patient was in waged employment, salary level, type of surgery (International Classification of Diseases, 10th ed.
As shown in our analysis, the chronic effect estimate was much larger than the acute effect estimate after controlling for the acute estimate, indicating that there were chronic effects of PM2.5, which cannot be solely explained by the short-term exposure.
RRs of daily area-disease-specific outpatient visits and EICC (ΔYi) associated with water outage period and a 10-day lag period, compared with the normal period, were estimated after controlling for the covariates, such as area, sex, age (<15, 1-64, and 65+ years), daily average temperature (<15, 15-20, 25-29, 25-29, and 30+°C), daily relative humidity, GDP index, education index, year, and month.
Differences in rates of detection on computer screens corresponded also with differences in rates of survival (as estimated after controlling for the differences in capture rates, see Methods for justification) among colour patterns in female, but not in male, pygmy grasshoppers in the wild.
For instance, in Bleakley and Chin (2004), OLS estimates double after controlling for classical measurement error, while IV results present little variations after controlling for non-classical errors.
A recent meta-analysis of 25 prospective studies reported a twofold higher risk of liver cancer among men and women with diabetes (15); risk estimates persisted after controlling for alcohol intake, cirrhosis, and viral hepatitis B or C infection.
The small mean difference between laboratory and field estimates holds even after controlling for sample characteristics such as incentive schemes and work complexity ( = 0.03, P = 0.62, nsamples = 46).
The estimated marginal means (after controlling for GPA influence) are shown in Table 5.
Therefore, we were able to estimate the risks after controlling for the effects of potential confounding factors.
The superiority of Froh in detecting the homozygous mutation load is even more stark if one considers the unique effects of each estimate of F after controlling for their correlations with Froh.
