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Multivariable adjusted estimates were based on meta-analysis of estimates adjusted for demographic and lifestyle covariates (see supplementary table S4 for details).
Estimates adjusted for place of birth and year of diagnosis (A), with additional adjustment for lymph node status (B) and tumour diameter (C).
If effect estimates adjusted for potential confounders were not presented the authors were contacted with a request for adjusted data.
In total 39 studies were identified that examined the effects of COPD, chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema with estimates adjusted for smoking (Table S1).
**All estimates adjusted for age and gender.
*Effect size estimates adjusted for stratum (primary care trust).
* Effect estimates adjusted for sex, age, height, education, and smoking †Effect estimates adjusted for education and smoking.
†Age estimates adjusted for year, level of education, and use of oral contraceptives; year estimates adjusted for age, level of education, and use of combined oral contraceptives; and education estimates adjusted for age, year, and use of combined oral contraceptives.
Participants also were encouraged to provide estimates adjusted for additional covariates as described below.
Estimates adjusted for age, Gleason score, socioeconomic circumstances, PSA and inpatient bed days.
Unfortunately, the number of estimates adjusted for both smoking and alcohol consumption was rather limited.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com