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In support of the estimated voltage gradients from the cadaver experiments and the 'minimum' fields (~1 mV/mm) in rodents to affect network activity, we found that >4.5 mA currents were required to reliably bias the amplitude of occipital alpha waves.
The proposed observer employs a nonlinear error injection term, where the error is obtained from the difference between the system voltage output obtained from an experimental validated nonlinear model and estimated voltage output obtained from the designed observer.
In Fig. 6, the WLS-based SE and UKF estimated voltage magnitudes at bus 12 (load, PQ bus) were plotted for the analyzed 6-hour period when no attack was introduced.
Figure 12 shows a display of substation T and E. LSE estimated voltage magnitudes are mapped to the corresponding nodes in the substation one-line diagram on the left side of the screenshot.
In the last step of the algorithm, network voltages for each node are computed, by a simple evaluation of voltage drops along the lines, starting from the estimated voltage in the reference bus.
To this end, we show the modulus of the estimated voltage of each bus at each step.
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The weapons had estimated voltages of 8,230 volts and 8,450 volts.
Open image in new window Fig. 8 UKF estimated voltages at bus 12 using three different process noise values.
In Fig. 8, the UKF estimated voltages for three different process noise values were plotted; the smallest process noise was 10 times smaller than the medium process noise and 100 times smaller than the largest process noise.
The test results demonstrate the ability of this algorithm to estimate voltage and frequency with acceptable accuracy.
Estimating voltage sag performance is important for distribution network operators who are keen to reduce costly interruptions, plan network investment and reduce operational expenditure.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com