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Regression coefficients of the estimated variables are statistically significant, as p-value < 0.05 for all models.
These estimated variables are used for feedback position control of the force sensor and the scanning piezo actuator assembly for vertical positioning of the probe tip relative to the sample surface.
This sample is not representative of the entire population with overrepresentation of patients with severe DM; therefore there is a risk that the estimated variables are overestimated.
The Markov model, however, has no separate variable for individual variation, and the estimated variables are highly correlated with contributions from both the underlying biological processes and the given screening method.
The estimated variables are the vertical velocities and positions of the sprung and unsprung masses of the quarter car.
The estimated variables are then compared to other existing products, LAI- and fAPAR-MODIS and MGVI-MERIS, and validated against ground measurements performed in the framework of the VALERI project.
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The design of anti-windup loops, using both measured and estimated variables, is considered in order to enlarge the region of stability of the closed-loop system, whereas some performance in terms of bounded controlled output is guaranteed.
Therefore, the phase error correction and Doppler shift estimation are done in a mutually iterative manner, in which one estimated variable is used to update the estimation of the other.
Another estimated variable is the moisture content, which is only "measurable" during steady-state operations of the coal mill.
The proposed observer structure, via an intermediate variable as estimated variable, is able to recover the previous observer results for TS descriptors.
However, the resulting isotopic shift may be of little relevance if the effect on the estimated variable is negligible (Anthony et al. 2007).
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