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B concentrations in various regions of the tongue mucosa were estimated using ion microscopy.
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In some experiments, ΔΨm was estimated using an ion-selective electrode to measure tetraphenylphosphonium ion (TPP+) distribution with a Flex-Ref electrode and Duo 18 recording system (World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL).
Fluoride was estimated using an ion-selective electrode (ISE) with a pH/ISE meter (Orion 4-Star meter).
The cyanide in the culture filtrate as CN− ion was estimated using a specific cyanide ion electrode at different time intervals from 0 to 36 hours during the growth period.
A field-aligned potential drop between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere was estimated using the electron and ion precipitating fluxes data, which allowed to reconstruct large-scale fluctuations of electrostatic field in the magnetosphere.
Serum sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate were estimated using Flame photometer 129 ion selective electrolyte analyzer.
Concentrations of non-conservative ions are estimated using hydrochemical equilibrium equations constrained to give the acid neutralising capacity estimated from the conservative ions.
The mass-transfer rate of copper ions was estimated using a theoretical calculation based on diffusion.
The dynamic hydration numbers of protons and chloride co-ions are estimated using the "true" transport numbers of protons and the electroosmotic coefficients of composites.
Further, the variation of ripple wavelength with ion energy is estimated using SRIM.
Ion contents were estimated using an A-2000 absorptionorption spectrophotometer (Hitachi High-Technologies, Japan).
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