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The presence of elements such as copper, manganese, zinc, iron, potassium, magnesium, cobalt and sodium were estimated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Humpshires 1956).
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Ion contents were estimated using an A-2000 absorptionorption spectrophotometer (Hitachi High-Technologies, Japan).
Correlation between deposition charge and film thickness was estimated using a rugosimeter and atomic force microscopy experiments.
The effective dose data, which were computed using the normalized total radioactive effluents, were then estimated using a dose estimate model established by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and employed by Harris and Miller (2008).
The atomic density of amorphous carbon thin films, called diamond-like carbon (DLC), has been estimated using the depth distribution of implanted ions as a marker.
The average grain size values as estimated using the full width at half maximum of the XRD pattern are given in Table 1. Figure 4 shows the surface morphology of the sputtered Pd films studied by using atomic force microscopy.
1/S' was estimated using BlastPhen.
Individual doses have been carefully estimated using the recent improved DS02 dosimetry system, primarily on the basis of people's location and shielding at the time of the atomic bomb.
Total Fe content was estimated in HNO3:HClO4 [10:1 (v/v)] digest of the fourth expanded leaf using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Cations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Rather than using atomic weights, they ordered elements according to atomic number, the number of protons and of electrons of neutral elemental atoms, allowing for the occurrence of isotopes with the same atomic number but different atomic weights.
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