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The per-tuple processing costs of the input filters are estimated using a simple averaging technique.
Based on this approximation, these moments are estimated using a simple covariance fitting optimization technique.
Runoff from ungauged catchments is estimated using a simple rainfall runoff model and runoff coefficients.
The maximal allowable vertical load to be applied was estimated using a simple spring model.
Furthermore, the coating depth can be estimated using a simple analytical equation.
The variation in water content of arc basaltic magmas in the Northeast Japan arc and the Izu arc was estimated using a simple plagioclase phenocryst hygrometer.
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Finally, the rate and root age estimates using a simple linear regression in Physher are consistent with our maximum likelihood estimates (Additional file 4: Figure S4).
In the absence of indoor sources, the ratio of indoor to outdoor ozone concentrations (I O) can be estimated using a relatively simple expression (Weschler et al. 1989): where λ is the air exchange rate and k sr is the first-order rate constant for surface removal (both in units of reciprocal time).
The flash points of organic compounds were estimated using a hybrid method that includes a simple group contribution method (GCM) implemented in an artificial neural network (ANN) with particle swarm optimization (PSO).
A previous simulation study suggested that health effect estimates were less biased when the community-level ambient average was estimated using a spatial model rather than the simple arithmetic mean of data from monitors in each community, as we did for the present study (Peng and Bell 2010).
For each individual, the rate was determined by parameter estimates using a simple regression analysis, with eGFR as a function of time in years applied to all eGFR values obtained during the follow-up period.
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