A spatial variation in stressing rate of the upper crust beneath the NKTZ is estimated using a response of the normalized time delay to a step-wise stress change caused by a moderate-sized earthquake.
The normalized skewness and kurtosis, and means of the normalized skewness and kurtosis were estimated using a sustained vowel /a/ from 53 normal and 173 pathological voices taken from the Disordered Voice Database.
The effective dose data, which were computed using the normalized total radioactive effluents, were then estimated using a dose estimate model established by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) and employed by Harris and Miller (2008).
The POT is estimated using normalized excesses over a threshold; the selection of the threshold is a compromise between bias and uncertainty.
A Landsat 5 image, with bare soils, was acquired and LST was extracted using the inversion of Planck's function in band 6. Land surface emissivity was estimated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index threshold method.
Parameter ranges of the discrete-time model were estimated using the Normalized Least Mean Squares (NLMS) method detailed in Additional file 1.
Distances between trees were estimated using the normalized Robinson Foulds tree distance (Robinson and Foulds 1981) as calculated by RAxML, version 8.0.20 (Stamatakis 2014) (raxmlHPC-PTHREADS-SSE3 -T 8 -f r -z TREECOLLECTION -m GTRGAMMA -n NAME).
Traditionally, STRFs have been estimated using normalized-reverse correlation (NRC), a method that uses an approximation to the stimulus covariance matrix to obtain regularized estimates.
The overall model error is estimated using normalized root-mean-square error for maximum height, maximum electron concentration, and propagation factor following the example of Pawlowski et al. (2008): (3)where E is normalized RMS error, the ⟨⟩ symbolizes taking a mean, F and observational data.
The overall model error is estimated using normalized root-mean-square error for maximum height, maximum electron concentration, and propagation factor following the example of Pawlowski et al. (2008): (2 where E is normalized RMS error, the 〈〉 symbolizes taking a mean, and F observational data.
