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Patients with a sessile-serrated adenoma were estimated to develop a subsequent adenocarcinoma at a rate of 5.3%, compared with a rate of 2.2% for conventional adenoma patients (Noffsinger 2009).
In the USA, pulmonary embolism is particularly common in patients with lung cancer, with as many as 20% of patients estimated to develop a deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism during the course of their disease (Lieberman et al, 1961; Sack et al, 1977; Lee and Levine, 2003).
It has been estimated that it costs approximately more than USD 800 million to develop a new drug de novo and the time estimated to develop a new drug that complies with the regulatory requirements for safety, efficacy and quality goes in the order of 10 to 17 years [ 38].
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Future studies could focus on recalibrating existing nutrient-loading models to these new hypoxic extent estimates to develop a refined understanding of how Gulf hypoxia may be changing over time.
We employ the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm [6, 7], which is an iterative numerical method employed to compute the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates, to develop an iterative algorithm to solve this challenging problem.
The absolute cost of GWASs in pharmacogenomics remains as high as in other fields, but in the context of drug RCTs and observational studies for side effects, the marginal cost of genotyping is small: as Roses recently pointed out [ 20], the entire investment in DNA sample collection and genotyping up to now is only a small fraction of the currently estimated cost to develop a single drug.
Meanwhile, the country had invested heavily in a system of sports schools, and by the time of the 1988 Seoul Olympics China had spent an estimated two hundred and sixty million dollars to develop a national sports program.
Bernstein Research's Ronny Gal estimates the cost to develop a follow on biotech drug could total more than $200 million over five years, compared with a maximum of $30 million for standard generics that can be developed and brought to market in as little as two years, often with little or no fresh clinical trial data.
When corrected for censoring (analysing dogs only over the period of their data entry/entries) by survival analysis, 80.4% (95% CI 75.5% - 84.3%) of dogs were estimated to have developed an illness by 1 year of age.
Vague population estimates made it difficult to develop a study framework and estimate recruitment and statistical power for various study designs.
The first approach derived 95percentt confidence intervals using bootstrap estimates (1,000 repetitions) to develop a statistical range for the estimates of total costs and length of stay.
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