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First, we visually inspected the empirically estimated time course of RT-related activation in each ANOVA ROI.
In this process, the estimated time course is treated as the model and is fitted to the raw data using an intercept term.
We also compared the estimated time course of BPA urinary excretion with that from Volkel et al. (2002).
For camps A and B, the estimated time course of reproduction number was initially high for the 2 index case-patients.
The significance of the difference between conditions was then quantified by means of t-statistics, considering the mean and standard deviation of the estimated time course of the BOLD response for each condition.
The resulting basis coefficients for each condition were integrated into an estimated time course of the hemodynamic response, with 13 time points covering multiples of the TR from 0 to 24 s relative to stimulus onset.
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Second, the variance and degree of correlation among estimated time courses are strongly influenced by the timing of the experimental design.
These waveforms represent estimated time courses of the dipole strength moments in the cortical source space.
We then used these functionally defined clusters as masks and extracted the estimated time courses from the constituent voxels for each subject and across both incentive conditions.
To do so, we first summed the estimated time courses from each individual trial epoch (cue + response preparation + saccade response) in each voxel of the brain, shifting the response preparation epoch time course by 1.5 s to account for the onset of this component in a trial and the saccade response epoch time course by 3 s.
To quantify the fitness of the estimated model, the following relative squared error (RSE) measure J is employed: (20) J = 1 N ⋅ n ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 0 N (x ^ i (t j ) − x i (t j ) x i (t j ) ) 2, where x ^ i (t j ) is the estimated time-course at time t j of a state variable x i, and x i(t j) represents the "true" time-courses without noise at time t j.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com