Dating Campylobacter evolution with reference to indirect methods for estimating the split of E. coli and S. typhimurium [35], would place the divergence of the three C. coli clades at approximately 2.5 million years ago.
We estimate the split of Pieridae, the next oldest butterfly lineage to have evolved, from the ancestor of (Nymphalidae + (Lycaenidae + Riodinidae)) to be situated between 101.1 170.0 Mya (node 25, Table 3), a result consistent with Wheat et al. [ 36] who estimated this split to have occurred between 79 and 166 Mya.
Schaüble & Moritz [25] estimated the split between Limnodynastes spp. populations of these two regions to have occurred during the same period.
They were also used as priors in a new analysis of *BEAST [ 57] to estimate the split times of the species tree, for comparison with those obtained by IMa2.
Sumida et al. estimated that the split of P. nigromaculatus and P. porosus took place at least 3 MYA [ 23], and it was again congruent with our estimate of 2.93 to 6.25 MYA for this event.
A previous comprehensive phylogenetic analysis using 42 orthologous nuclear protein-coding genes estimated that the split of the Euteleostei superorders the Ostariophysi and Acanthopterygii took place in the early Triassic 217 Ma (Steinke et al. 2006).
Our dating approach allowed us to estimate that the split of the two most divergent mitochondrial phylogroups occurred 0.32 Myr ago and that the subsequent divergence of the two pairs of lineages concomitantly took place at around 0.23 Myr ago.
In addition to the defect concentration obtained from the intensity ratio of the D/G band, from Raman spectroscopy, the CNT diameter was estimated using the splitting of the G− and G+ peaks [12].
In addition, our estimated time of the split of Eurasian populations of ∼23,000 years ago appears to be slightly more recent than the archaeological and fossil records of Aurignacian technologies and skeletal remains of diagnostically modern humans in Europe (Cro-Magnon) dating to around 30,000 40,000 years ago [69] [71].
The estimated age for the split of the Parachtes stem group closely matches the geochronology of the Hercynian belt break-off, and these node age estimates are robust to alternative analytical procedures and to partition schemes.
