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After evaluating individual symptoms and conditions, we estimated the predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity of seven individual or combinations of syndromic keywords (Table 2).
Finally, we estimated the predictive value of the point of care D-dimer tests.
Furthermore, we estimated the predictive value of our gene signatures in previously performed adult studies and we compared the discriminatory power of the literature signature gene sets with our gene set.
We estimated the predictive value of a combination of risk alleles (each person could have 0, 1, or 2 of them, for a total of 22) in 11 genes, which significantly predicted the risk of diabetes by defining subjects with more than 12 risk alleles (about 20%) as being at high risk and those with fewer than 8 risk alleles (about 20%) as being at low risk".
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We estimated the predictive values of the diagnostic test results over a range of prevalences by numerically integrating equation 1 and equation 2 over the paired estimates of sensitivity and specificity from the model.
In the 1000 nested case control samples we estimated the predictive values of both index tests and their uncertainty (standard error and 95% CI) using the six approaches described below.
A case-control study design may potentially over-estimate the predictive value of a test, but we have attempted to eliminate further bias by comparing the tests using an independent reference standard (microbiologically confirmed disease) according to STARD guidelines.
Third, we have used data from multiple pathologists conducting a standardised and validated tumour review and any systematic variation across the pathologists would mean that our study has under-estimated the predictive value of these morphology features.
To estimate the predictive value of these changes, further calculations were made.
Additionally, we report results of PON1 linkage analysis and estimate the predictive value of haplotypes for PON1 plasma levels.
However, that study was not adequately powered to estimate the predictive value of symptoms and signs with adequate precision.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com