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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated with the Schwartz and Counahan-Barratt methods until age 18 years and with the estimated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD afterward.
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To estimate modification of the ΔPM10 effect on average lung function decline by genotype, we introduced interaction terms between ΔPM10 and genotypes into the above-described covariate-adjusted mixed linear models independently for each SNP.
A 1997 study by the F.A.A. estimated the modification costs for handling large planes at the 22 largest domestic airports at $3.8 billion, but that number largely reflects a few huge projects: new runways at San Francisco ($2.8 billion) and St . Louis($576 million), where the layout is too cramped to accommodate changes required for the new aircraft.
Although many researchers have estimated crash modification factors (CMFs) for specific treatments (or countermeasures), there is a lack of studies that explored the heterogeneous effects of roadway characteristics on crash frequency among treated sites.
We estimated effect modification due to factors on both the personal level and at the census tract level.
We examined changes in urinary microalbumin and eGFR, estimated by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formulas.
For age during follow-up, we estimated effect modification by adding an interaction term between exposure and a time dependent categorical variable indicating age group (<60, 60-74, >75).
The results confirmed the ability of the proposed method to estimate color modification with high accuracy.
In this paper, an adjusted Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) code was used to estimate the modification.
In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for estimating color modification in images acquired from digital cameras when the images are modified.
As a first step, the building peak cooling load was re-estimated, with modification to the design specifications, using an energy simulation computer program.
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