Because variance components are expected to be relatively consistent over time, they are re-estimated less frequently using REML or Bayesian models [ 9, 10].
Thus, parameter estimates greater than 0 indicate higher percentile scores than in the Frequently Active group; parameter estimates less than 0 indicate lower percentile scores.
Our simulation results show that the between-study variance estimates were less frequently truncated at zero in the BRMA than the URMA (Table 4).
In contrast, the LBA topology and the third incorrect topology are much less frequently estimated from the data simulated under the JTT + F + Γ model (Fig. 2A), although a small LBA bias is observed.
While reliable cancer incidence, mortality, and survival statistics are routinely available from cancer registries (Berrino et al, 2007; Engholm et al, 2010; Ferlay et al, 2010), estimates of prevalence are less frequently published (Engholm et al, 2010; AIHW, 2008; Colonna et al, 2008; Horner et al, 2009; Maddams et al, 2009; Guzzinati et al, 2012).
Although this estimation process is used less frequently in the literature, the estimated PORs that were produced could be interpreted as similar to those of ordinary logistic models.
Another sum is less frequently mentioned: the estimated $300m of fish poached in Somali waters annually by trawlers hailing from nations as far away as Taiwan - or France and Spain, for that matter.
For the total number of gold miners in Zimbabwe in 2004, the number mentioned most frequently in the literature was used for the main analysis; a less frequently mentioned estimate was included in the scenario analysis.
(A common example of this bias is a husband's estimate of how much housework he does; in this case, judges were asked to estimate whether they were overturned on appeal more or less frequently than their colleagues).
If the Sierra Nevada populations have engaged in sexual reproduction less frequently than on a yearly cycle our estimated rates would be lower than the actual per generation rates.
