The estimated introductions of HIV-1 CRF02_AG in the end of the 1970's coincided with an increased immigration of people to Guinea-Bissau.
The expected number of deaths was estimated by introduction of a time trend function in a regression model to explain annual death numbers.
Bayesian analysis performed on a full set of sequences estimated several introductions of HIV-1 into Slovenia, with the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the earliest Slovenian cluster dated to the late 1980s, although tMRCAs obtained from separate independent analysis of each cluster showed considerably more recent estimates.
By using GA, k p and km were correctly estimated with the introduction, while the estimation of k p failed without the introduction.
By using PSO, all three parameters were also correctly estimated with the introduction (right side), while the estimations of k41 failed without the introduction (left side).
By using GA, all three parameters were correctly estimated with the introduction (right side), while the estimations of k31 and k41 failed without the introduction (left side).
By using PSO, k m was correctly estimated with the introduction, but k p failed, while the estimations of both parameters failed without the introduction.
Indeed, the parameter value sets were correctly estimated by the introduction of DE constraint into the objective function, while they were falsely estimated without the introduction.
This is the most comprehensive model of the costs of microbicide introduction available in the literature to date and, even under the very conservative assumptions this analysis, estimated that microbicide introduction is very likely to be highly cost-effective.
The International Energy Agency IEAA) studied the effects of a strong policy of 'decarbonisation' in transport and estimated that the introduction of new vehicle technologies and fuels including some modal shifting in passenger and freight transport has the potential to generate a 40% reduction in carbon (CO2) emissions [3].
