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In addition, water consumptions were estimated indirectly using input data listed in bills.
These GRFs have also been measured (or estimated) indirectly using acceleration data provided by inertial measurement units (IMUs).
Additionally, duodenal flow of PB and MN were estimated indirectly using the excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in urine and milk.
The probability of dying at early ages was estimated indirectly using data on the average number of children ever born (CEBi) and average number of children surviving (CSi) tabulated by mothers in the reproductive age using MORTPAK.
BGB is often estimated indirectly, using root-to-shoot ratios (R/S) [17 21], root system biomass expansion factors (BEFs) [17], and by using regression equations of BGB versus aboveground biomass (AGB) [18, 22, 23] or versus easily measured variables (diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (TH)) [23, 24].
However some of the model parameters which could not be directly estimated were estimated indirectly using either US or WHO data.
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The phytate content was estimated indirectly by using a microtitre plate assay evaluating the Pi absorbance at 820 nm, while the Cu, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, Mg, Na and Zn mineral contents were determined by ICP/OES.
Low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C) was estimated indirectly by using formula: LDL = Total Cholesterol – HDL – TG/5).
The contribution of smoking to UADT cancer mortality was estimated indirectly by using lung cancer mortality as an indicator of the accumulated mortality from smoking in a population.
For the comparison between Odumasy females and males where expression ratios were estimated indirectly by using the information from all experiments the within arrays normalisation was repeated across all arrays included in the analysis.
Another advantage is that TOF sensors directly output depth measurements, whereas other techniques may estimate depth indirectly, using intensive and error-prone computations.
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