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The best that can be done is to estimate the degree of difference between the languages in question, taking into account all that is known about them, and then compare this estimate with the estimated degrees of difference within families of languages such as the Romance family whose actual time of divergence is approximately known.
The flexibility of the spatial model component increases with increasing estimated degrees of freedom (edf) of the 2-dimensional smoothing function f 3. with DWT i : simulated distance to water table in October 2007 at plot i (m); CTH i : modeled clay thickness at plot i ; (east i, north i ): Gauß-Krüger east and north coordinates of plot i defined in relation to the 3rd meridian.
Estimated degrees of freedom for the majority of variables ranged between one and five, generally resulting in simple response curves.
In both cases the threshold was chosen based on the estimated degrees of freedom (number of resels) in the images.
The model output for the non-parametric terms includes an indication of the model "wiggle" expressed as estimated degrees of freedom (EDF).
Test of linearity using generalized additive models showed a significant (P = 0.005) nonlinear relation with continuous BNP concentration (>3 estimated degrees for the spline) (Supplementary Fig. 1) and a significant (P = 0.003, estimated degrees >1.0) curvilinear relation with BNP quartiles (Fig. 2).
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38 The estimated degree of optimism was found to be very small, which we would expect given the large number of patient records available.
Kenward-Roger's procedure was used to estimate degrees of freedom and to make the corresponding adjustments in estimation of standard errors.
fMRI or other kinds of probes of working brains might, it is conjectured, enable us to quantitatively estimate degrees of strategic surprise.
To estimate degrees of freedom the Satterthwaite approximation (Satterthwaite, 1946) was used.
Kenward-Roger's procedure was used to estimate degrees of freedom and make the corresponding adjustments in estimated standard errors.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com