Two national-level studies reported that the PM2.5 mortality association differed depending on the chemical makeup of PM2.5, but neither study estimated constituent-specific associations with mortality (Bell et al. 2009; Franklin et al. 2008).
Water quality managers use regression equations to estimate constituent concentrations for comparison of current water quality conditions to water quality standards (Joarder et al. 2008; Korashey 2009; Psargaonkar et al. 2008; Singh et al. 2004; Vassilis et al. 2001; Ravikumar et al. 2013).
As EMIC waves exhibit characteristic frequencies, such as lower hybrid resonance and cutoff frequencies (Matsuda et al. 2014a, b, 2015, 2016), it is possible to estimate constituents of cold ions from these characteristic wave frequencies.
A chi-square test estimated the constituent ratio of MMSE scores between different age subgroups.
Distributions of estimated particle constituents varied between and within each cohort.
A regression-model based approach is a commonly used, efficient method for estimating streamwater constituent load when there is a relationship between streamwater constituent concentration and continuous variables such as streamwater discharge, season and time.
The present methodology provides an effective approach for estimating tobacco constituent extraction by snus users.
Regression-based approaches are often employed to estimate riverine constituent concentrations and fluxes based on typically sparse concentration observations.
The technique used in this study for estimating tobacco constituent exposure relies on subjects removing the pouch after use and not expectorating salivary leachates during use.
