Define an objective function to maximize both the onset strength at every hypothesized beat time and the consistency of the inter-beat interval with the estimated constant tempo.
It can be shown that, in general case, the resulting estimate is a compromise between fitting the estimated constant model parameters to the true one and fitting the noise model spectrum to the prediction error spectrum [35].
cThe large contribution of the Others set of variables to the female immigrant wage gap is mostly due to the large difference between the estimated constant term coefficient in the immigrant female regression and that in the Canadian born female regression (see Table B 2 in Appendix B).
The lengths of the estimation intervals can be freely chosen; for the LSM solutions presented in this work, we applied 30 min for clocks and ZWD, 2 h for gradients, while for station coordinates, radio source coordinates, and EOP, we estimated constant offsets valid for the whole session.
The parameter plira is an estimated constant describing the linear slope between Clira and the effect on insulin secretion.
These analyses produced a regression table with an estimated constant and regression coefficients for each explanatory variable in the final model, along with calculated p-values.
