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The content of oxygen was estimated by difference.
Energy balance was estimated by difference between energy intake and calculated energy requirements.
The As V) content was estimated by difference between both measurements.
Carbohydrate was estimated by difference [Percentage carbohydrate content = 100 − (% moisture + % ash + protein + % fat)] and also using the method with anthrone as described above.
Errors are given at the 1σ confidence interval aCalculated with the calibration linking 1H MAS NMR sideband area to H2Omol content shown in Fig. 1; the concentration of OH is estimated by difference to [H2Omol] measured with using Raman spectroscopy.
Fixed carbon, FC was estimated by difference: {text{FC}} = 100 - left( {{text{VM}} + {text{AC}}} right), (1 where VM is the volatile matter and AC is the ash content.
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The risk of mental illness was assessed with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and eight other risk factors, and the famine impact on adult mental illness was estimated by difference-in-difference models.
In addition, some weedy rice populations (e.g., HLJ-1, HLJ-2, and HLJ-3) showed a weak genetic substructure, as estimated by differences in correlation between paternal genotypes detected in progeny based on multilocus and single-locus measurement.
The effectiveness of smoking bans was estimated by difference-in-differences (DID) with age group stratification.
PM coarse was estimated by differencing the countywide averages of PM10 and PM2.5.
Treatment group comparisons at each visit will be estimated by differences in least-square means from the group by visit interaction and will be presented as differences in means with 95% Confidence Intervals and accompanying p values.
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