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CT projections and PET coincidence events within the cycle are then sorted into bins according to a fixed percentage of the estimated breathing phase, typically 10percentt phases for CT and 20percentt phases for PET.
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In addition to identifying and further characterizing biomarkers of exposure, more accurately estimating breathing rates and ventilation volume may reduce measurement error when combined with personal exposure measures.
However, as described in Section 'Signal extraction and separation', buffer sizes of 20 s and 10 s are still necessary to estimate breathing and heart rates, respectively.
The parameters frequently used to estimate the breathing pattern do not necessarily reflect the changes in the work of breathing.
Using this regression equation, CO2 leakage can be used to estimate SF6 breathing zone concentrations.
Discussion Work of breathing estimated by using the oesophageal PTP and oesophageal swing was lower in PP than in SP in children who required non-invasive ventilation for severe bronchiolitis.
We established the association between the estimated work of breathing by the ventilator and the measured respiratory parameters (P < 0.05).
Environmental BaP (Env-BaP) doses (ng/day) were calculated multiplying each measured BaP exposure by the mean air volume, that is estimated to be breathed daily by an adult during moderate activity (20 m) [ 11].
In 9 awake intubated patients (age 57 ± 17 years, BMI 24 ± 3 kg/m, PaO2/FiO2 283 ± 51, Ramsey 1.9 ± 0.4) we measured the breathing pattern (VT, RR), the work of breathing (WOB J/min, estimated from a modified Campbell diagram [ 1]) and the dyspnea sensation using the Borg visual scale [ 2].
One hundred breaths were analyzed in each condition, in which work of breathing was estimated from oesophageal pressure time product (PTPes) and oesophageal swings (Fig. 15).
These estimated values of the breathing rate were the measurement inputs to the Kalman filter.
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