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Genetic diversity in each population (and each cluster) was estimated as both the allelic richness (Ar) and gene diversity.
Rates of phenotypic change were estimated as both haldanes (h) and darwins (d) according to Hendry and Kinnison (1999): where z1 and z2 are mean trait values at time 1 and 2, Δ t is the time period (in millions of years), Sp is the pooled standard deviation, t g is the number of generations.
Levels of polymorphism were estimated as both nucleotide diversity (average pairwise distance, π) and Watterson's theta (θW) [ 46], but results were the same regardless of whether π or θW were used to compare levels of polymorphism between centromeres and other regions.
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Damages were estimated as high as $1 million.
Voter turnout tonight was estimated as high as 70percentt.
The background was estimated as follows.
Phage titre was estimated as above.
Both of those beat Wall Street estimates as well.
"Some people estimate as high as three hundred billion," he went on.
Genetic divergence was estimated as F ST both within and between S. schwerinii and S. viminalis populations using Arlequin v. 3.5 [ 57].
The 2.5th percentiles and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated as LRLs, both in presence and absence of outliers.
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