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Applying the inversion technique developed by Yabuki and Matsuura (1992) to the excess pore-fluid pressures of the dataset, a static image of the 3-D excess pore-fluid pressure fields can be estimated as a continuous function defined in the mode region with estimation errors (e.g., Terakawa et al. 2012).
BMI-1 mRNA expression is estimated as a continuous variable, and this may increase the ability to detect differences.
Daily alcohol consumption was estimated as a continuous variable (g/day) based on the assumption that the concentrations of alcohol were 5% for beer, 12% for wine, 40% for liquor, and 25% for shochu (distilled spirit).
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The estimated serum PFOA level at the time of pregnancy was skewed, so we considered serum PFOA estimates as a continuous log-transformed measure, a continuous untransformed measure, and in quintiles of exposure.
The CREIM was re-specified and re-estimated as a continuous-time model (CT-CREIM).
Instead, there is a potential for an effect that is truly zero for a continuous measure to be estimated as a small to medium effect in the 2 × 2 factorial design [ 63, p. 188].
We also considered this estimated duration as a continuous variable, unlike previous studies that studied length of labour as a binary variable (prolonged labour) and thereby increased their risk of residual confounding.
A classification and regression tree model (CART) was adopted to estimate IS as a continuous variable using Landsat images from two seasons combined with QuickBird.
As a test for trend, we considered the log of the cumulative or yearly serum concentration estimates as a continuous variable.
The log linear regression model was estimated as OOPE was continuous variable and skewed in nature.
In all models, the current age of the woman and her total number of living children were estimated as continuous variables, while region, education, religion, wealth index, exposure to media (radio and television), and residence (urban versus rural) were estimated as categorical independent variables.
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