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We estimated a need for 40 practices to recruit sufficient patients.
Due to clustering, and assuming an intra-cluster correlation of 0.1, we estimated a need for a total of 346 patients for 80% power and 5% significance.
Power calculation estimated a need for including 100 patients in each model, based on a beta of 0.90, an alpha of < 0.05 and SD=4.3 in SI.
Furthermore, the fact that six of the initial 16 centers were excluded for logistical reasons meant that the extension phase was underpowered to detect any difference in renal function: The sample size calculation for the core study estimated a need for 100 patients in each treatment arm to detect a difference in eGFR (Cockcroft-Gault) of 8 mL/min 13.
In order to demonstrate a 25% relative reduction, with a power of 80% and a statistical significance level of 5%, in outcome measures between the control and intervention groups, we estimated a need for a sample of almost 140 practices in total (Cluster Randomisation Sample Size Calculator ver 1.0.2, Health Services Research Unit, Aberdeen University).
To demonstrate a 10% difference in effect, with a power of 90% (1- beta = 0.90) and a statistical significance level of 5% in outcome measures between the control and intervention groups, we estimated a need for a sample of 252 GPs [ 12].
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The union estimates a need for at least 6,000 to deliver an adequate service.
Mr. Crosson's organization estimates a need for 100,000 additional rental housing units on Long Island over the next decade.
The United Nations estimates a need for $1 billion in efforts to contain the outbreak and reduce the probability of a humanitarian catastrophe.
We estimate a need for 20 interviews, but the exact number of participants will be determined when VC is established thoroughly as a regular service.
Interestingly, the company EMI did not realize the potential commercial impact of the CT system and estimated a market need of 25 systems only.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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