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On the contrary, with AP2 we estimated a constant WP domestic production and only for 4 countries this variable was related to time.
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However, the PV method with identity link and without time dependence estimating a constant RD leads to a strong undercoverage demonstrating that the estimation of a constant RD may be misleading.
The Z covariate was inserted in the PV model with an interaction with the baseline risk function modelled with a restricted cubic spline with 3 knots (Z td) giving an estimated risk difference varying through follow-up time, RD t), and without time-dependence to estimate a constant RD through follow-up time between the first and the last pseudo-times (Z const).
From the timeseries, we generated a velocity map by estimating a constant rate for each selected point (Fig. 2).
Results highlight the difficulty of estimating a constant contact stiffness as it increases during the indentation process between the elastic layer and the rough road surface.
One such approach is to estimate a constant term for each individual and each choice, which is referred to as a "fixed-effects" approach [15].
The annual change was obtained by estimating a constant groundwater level velocity by L1-norm fitting of the monthly groundwater level.
Besides, we apply the sample coefficient correlation (3) to estimate a constant correlation using the whole historical data (Jan 2003-Mar 2013) of S&P 500 and Euro/US-Dollar exchange rate, which is 0.025.
For example, a steady-state model estimates a constant carbon isotope ratio for dark-respired CO2.
In the pseudo value model the Z covariate is inserted either without and with an interaction with the baseline risk (i.e. estimating a constant RD, and a time-dependent R D t) through follow-up time).
The population scaled measure of recombination was estimated to be 65 across the whole gene using PHASE version 2.1 [ 40, 41] to estimate a constant recombination rate with the unphased chicken data.
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