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For each orthologous set, we have calculated the tree length from a maximum-likelihood estimate using the program RAxML with the JTT matrix as substitution model.
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Ne was estimated using the program MNe [6], that allows the estimation of Ne from genotype data collected at different time points.
For a set of accessions, genetic diversity parameters such as number of alleles per locus, allele frequency, heterozygosity and polymorphic information index (PIC) was estimated using the program POWERMARKER Ver3.25 (Liu and Muse 2005).
Divergence times between and within Macaronesian chaffinches were estimated using the program BEAST v. 1.5.2 [61.5.2
Genetic distances among haplotypes were estimated using the program DNADIST of PHYLIP, based on Kimura-2-parameter model.
Carnivore densities were estimated using the program Transect, which compensates for differences in sighting distance between the grassland and shrubland habitats [66].
Density of deer mice at each site were estimated using the program DISTANCE (version 4.1) a software program designed to better estimate animal densities on web trapping designs than using the raw values [56].
The local recombination rate has been estimated using the program LDhat included in the RDP v3.14 suite [32] using the gene conversion model and an average tract length of 100 bp.
We supplement the measures of relatedness between mating pairs with estimates of the number of pollen donors per seed crop (Nep) and multilocus outcrossing estimates using the program MLTR v 2.4 [88].
According to data estimated using the program GERUD, the number of offspring in each brood was not significantly associated with the number of fathers observed (χ2 = 2.18, df = 1, P = 0.14), whereas the allele number in offspring was significantly associated with the number of fathers in broods (χ2 = 3.86, df = 1, P = 0.047).
Allelic richness (AR) was estimated using the program FSTAT [ 48].
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