Data imputation and interpolation techniques, such as Nearest Neighbors Imputation and Kriging, are two very efficient schemes for estimating unavailable data [9].
As the earlier and later birth cohorts were missing data from the younger and older age groups, respectively, a Poisson regression age-cohort modelling technique (Clayton and Schifflers, 1987) was used to estimate the unavailable rates, enabling the estimation of an age-standardised incidence rate for each cohort.
Second, when the adjusted estimates were unavailable, the calculated estimates without adjustment were likely to have potential confounding.
Furthermore, an observer is presented to estimate the unavailable states.
An observer is designed to estimate the unavailable system states.
Thus, there is a need to estimate the unavailable state variables.
In the modern control, a filter plays an important role since the filter can be used to estimate the unavailable state and filter the external noise.
Firstly, to estimate the unavailable angular velocity of combination accurately, a novel finite-time-convergent tracking differentiator is developed with a quite computationally achievable structure free from the unknown nonlinear dynamics of combined spacecraft.
If tag estimate is unavailable or the tag distribution unknown, all readers can pick a uniform frame size and increase/decrease the size together as required based on FSA.
Within this scheme, a high-gain observer is employed to estimate the unavailable system states, a fuzzy system is employed to generate directly the control input signal with only output feedback, and the Nussbaum-type function is used to deal with the unknown control direction.
