Dating Campylobacter evolution with reference to indirect methods for estimating the split of E. coli and S. typhimurium [35], would place the divergence of the three C. coli clades at approximately 2.5 million years ago.
We estimated the split of the Brown-cheeked Rail and the Water Rail to have occurred ~534,000 years ago 955% CI 275,000-990,000 275,000-990,000 years ago
Based on the demographic split of brown and polar bears at 343 479 ka (Liu et al. 2014), we obtained a median divergence time estimate for the split of these two clades at 0.12 Ma (95% highest posterior density (HPD): 0.10 0.15).
Our dating approach allowed us to estimate that the split of the two most divergent mitochondrial phylogroups occurred 0.32 Myr ago and that the subsequent divergence of the two pairs of lineages concomitantly took place at around 0.23 Myr ago.
Furthermore, divergence time estimates for the split of the two lineages (∼0.9 my) are slightly lower than generally inferred times for allopatric speciation in fishes (2.3 1.0 my, [69]).
Contemporary anthropogenic effects may also influence the population structure of E. quimperiana since estimates of the split of the Basque populations match glacial and postglacial times (Table 3).
Divergence time estimates of the split of Kalyptatherina and the central Sulawesi Malili flock of 8.5-28.9 Mya renders a scenario of terrane-rafting the most plausible explanation for the present-day distribution pattern, given the region's geological history.
Sumida et al. estimated that the split of P. nigromaculatus and P. porosus took place at least 3 MYA [ 23], and it was again congruent with our estimate of 2.93 to 6.25 MYA for this event.
A previous comprehensive phylogenetic analysis using 42 orthologous nuclear protein-coding genes estimated that the split of the Euteleostei superorders the Ostariophysi and Acanthopterygii took place in the early Triassic 217 Ma (Steinke et al. 2006).
The MM models included three divergence time estimates for the split of L. a. arthemis from the lineage leading to L. a. astyanax and L. a. arizonensis, each of which included two divergence time estimates of L. a. astyanax and L. a. arizonensis.
