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The standard man hours can be set up in a computerized estimating system and the piping man hours are calculated using the unit quantity method.
Moreover, the available scheduling tools are not integrated to design and cost estimating system and hence require manual input of activities lists, activities sequencing, resources, costs and durations to generate project schedule and they are unable to consider the effect of productivity factors and the resulting uncertainty inherent in each activity.
For example, the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA) did not review Anham's estimating system and found weaknesses in its billing system.
Radial basis function (RBF) NN enhances estimator and observer are developed to estimate system uncertainty and obtain the leader manipulator׳s control torque online.
The observer can estimate system state and actuator fault simultaneously.
For the linearized system with bounded input disturbance, a robust state-space observer is designed to simultaneously estimate system states and actuator faults by solving a Lyapunov equation.
As before, we shock the estimated systems and compute the resulting IRFs for each period of analysis.
Nodalization was developed using best estimate system code RELAP5/MOD3.2 and its steady state and transient level qualifications are achieved.
The observer can not only estimate system state, sensor and actuator faults simultaneously, but also attenuate the influence of disturbances.
Therefore, the integration of renewable generation increases the difficulty for grid operators to estimate system reserve, dispatch and manage system load flow [4].
Compared to the conventional resilience measure, the newly formulated resilience measure can estimate system resilience more rigorously and accurately.
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