As these are mutually exclusive events, a competing risks model [ 29] was used to estimate specialization-age-sex-specific failure rates for the three exit causes.
Estimating specialization level with co-occurrence data is a good complementary approach to traditional estimations of diversity indices for conservation and landscape planning.
Therefore, gene specificity in this dataset only refers to normal or tumor tissues and implies that a much lower estimated specialization would be observed.
As shown in Figure 1B, HSCs have a level of estimated specialization comparable to that of normal lung and higher than that of normal skin.
We used co-occurrence patterns of 1090 plant species recorded in the French Mediterranean region of Languedoc-Roussillon in a systematic grid of 1225 5 × 5 km atlas cells to estimate species specialization.
Having the estimates of specificity for the genes we can estimate the specialization of the transcriptome, δ, as the weighted average of the specificity of the genes corresponding to that transcriptome.
Since most methods of estimating species specialization rely on predetermining environmental niche axes, and because these axes are often only available for relatively few and more easily measured variables, Fridley's co-occurrence based specialization can be more practical for large regional datasets [ 48] like the one used here.
To estimate plant species specialization, we used [ 34]'s specialization index 'theta', which is based on co-occurrence among species, rather than species traits or particular environmental conditions.
To estimate the "true" specialization of a tissue, all distinct cell types of a given organ must be included separately in the analysis.
Therefore, the specificity of the loci is only estimated with regard to this criterion and not with regard to the organ of origin as in datasets A and B. As a consequence, the specialization estimated for the "normal" and "tumor" tissues is much smaller than the rank of specialization estimated when the organ of origin is taken into account (compare figures 1 and 2).
Raw two-limit Tobit estimates show lower specialization in intermarried households for both genders, compared to their intra-married counterparts.
