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Three isovist variables were selected to estimate openness: the minimum radial, the maximum radial and the average radial.
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Our results show that PFT diversities obtained from microfloras are most suitable in estimating the openness of landscape and in representing zonal biomes in general.
The underlying hypothesis is that, to the extent that the latter effectively controls for that risk, any other effect of trade on volatility should manifest itself through the point estimate of the openness coefficient.
The LFE of the constrained and the unconstrained structures can then be used to estimate probability of openness of the RBS.
In addition to their administrative offices, these authorities own schools, hospitals, retirement homes and more, and none of these institutions has to produce a balance-sheet.Even in countries with reputations for public-sector openness, estimates can only be rough.
A marked increase of cultural impact on the landscape is recorded during the Neolithic Bronze Age transition and estimates of landscape openness suggest that by the onset of the Bronze Age, forest cover was only 20 40%, falling to 10% in the immediate vicinity of the burial mounds themselves.
The coefficient estimated for trade openness impacts by 0.022.
In Table 2, we report the results of the estimated models with trade openness operationalized as trade volume.
Canopy openness was estimated using digital hemispherical photographs taken in the centre of each quadrat and analyzed using Gap Light Analyzer [46].
Photos were analyzed by one person using Gap Light Analyzer v.2 software [47] to obtain percent forest canopy openness and estimated daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD; mol m−2 d−1).
Openness was estimated from the north side of the tree, using a sighting angle of 75° to the top of the tree, with a distance of 5 m from the centre of the tree.
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