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The averaged PCM and PCAIN scores for all fold pairs were cross-correlated to obtain the correlation coefficients that provide for a quantitative estimate of variations in these scores for different folds (non-diagonal entries; Figure S5).
It is important to realize, however, that the gap observed in any given country is an aggregate that can be represented as a mean estimate of variations observed within regions and health districts.
A quantitative estimate of variations in surface roughness may be simply calculated as the standard deviation in pixel intensity from selected and normalized regions of interest from SEM micrographs as demonstrated previously by the analysis of surface roughness of paper fibers [ 19].
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The right-hand side of the estimate of variation that we might allow in the case of Neumann problem looks like min{1/(p - 1),1} π / 2 = min{q - 1, 1} π / 2, which corresponds to the q -sectoriality.
Thus, the results depicted in Figure 6 are, at best, an estimate of variation within recognised, though necessarily arbitrary, groups of organisms.
We did not weigh studies by number of subjects or standard error of the estimate because the LDL to HDL ratios are calculated on the basis of mean values of treatment differences within studies without an estimate of variation.
Furthermore, standard errors of decay and production rates used in our analyses were combined with estimated standard errors of sign encounter rate on transects and variability associated with detectability, and incorporated in the overall estimate of variation of the abundance estimates [36], [63].
Table 3 presents an estimate of variation in antidepressant medication use and presence of elevated depressive symptoms at baseline and year 3, by cohort.
A linear model was fitted to the data using "lmFit", and "eBayes" provided error shrinkage towards a pooled estimate of variation [ 52].
Median ORs at GP and practice level were calculated to provide an estimate of variation on the same scale as the fixed effects ORs.
Because our preliminary meta-analyses found significant heterogeneity between studies, we used a random effects approach with a restricted maximum likelihood estimate, incorporating an estimate of variation between studies into the calculation of the common effect.
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