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The maximum likelihood estimate of the origin time,, minimizes R2 and is calculated as follows: (17 The minimum of R2 is calculated as: (18).
For the jth trial of ε ij, we obtain the maximum likelihood estimate of the origin time as follows: (19)The average value of over j,, is estimated by: (20 where ε ij refers to the random error at the ith station in the jth trial.
A revised estimate of the origin of placental mammals is as young as 84 mya, which is much more recent than current estimates using molecular data.
We report the effect size as a result of origin as δ = e β, where β is the parameter estimate of the origin term, noting the log link in the model.
Considering the wide confidence limits of any estimate of the origin of a mutation, our result of 2,200 years are not far from the estimate of 2,400 years given by Amir [ 13].
Our relDate estimate of the origin of the lineage leading to M. monachus (9.9 ± 0.28 mya) is considerably older than the 4.8 mya estimate of Bininda-Emonds et al. [ 23], but in good accord with those of Fyler et al. [ 24] and Arnason et al. [ 14].
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The genotype-phenotype maps for detected epistatic pairs were visualised using a discretised estimate of the line origin.
Dating estimates on the origin of fungi are very inconsistent, with large time span from 660 Myr to 2.5 Gyr (Taylor and Berbee 2006).
Our molecular dating leads to an estimate for the origin of the diversification of Fucaceae around 19.5-7.0 million years ago (Ma).
The estimates of the origin of the remaining mustelids are more recent than those fossil-based ages [ 61], and older than the other sequence-based dates [ 2, 5, 15, 58, 59].
Generally, our estimate was consistent with previous time estimates of the origin of unisexual Ambystoma [ 5, 20, 21] which validates them as the most ancient unisexual vertebrate lineage known to exist [ 2].
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