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This study uses the Koenker (2004) method to perform the panel quantile regression with a fixed effect, while the Bootstrap method is used for the estimate of standard error.
Thus, bias in the estimate of standard error will introduce bias in the confidence limit and it is of interest to the user to know how large that bias might be.
The estimate of standard deviation sk under the neutral model can be obtained from the expression divergence data of primates [22] as follows.
Robust estimate of standard errors were used to control for clustering within schools [ 24].
s0 or s is estimate of standard error calculated from the p-value.
This is because, firstly, the method tends to underestimate the covariance of observations leading to downward biased estimate of standard error and, secondly, the estimate of standard error is highly variable when the number of clusters is too small [ 14].
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All analyses incorporated sampling weights and the stratified sampling design for unbiased estimation of population parameters and valid estimates of standard errors [ 28, 29].
Robust variance estimators were included to ensure more robust estimates of standard errors.
The estimates of standard errors were calculated using SUDAAN software (Research Triangle International, NC, USA).
In contrast, confidence intervals approximated from local estimates of standard deviations are inappropriate due to inherent system nonlinearities.
Hence the estimates of standard errors are accurate even if model standard errors for discharges from the same hospital are correlated.
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